Cause Description A. Habitat loss and fragmentation 1. Introduction of non-native species that disrupt local ecosystems B. Over-exploitation 2. Complete or partial destruction of natural habitats, reducing species populations C. Alien species invasions 3. Excessive harvesting of species leading to extinction D. Co-extinctions 4. Extinction of species due to the loss of another species with which it is closely associa

Step-by-step solution

A - 2: Habitat loss and fragmentation refer to the destruction or division of natural habitats, which reduces species populations and leads to extinction. B - 3: Over-exploitation involves excessive harvesting of species, such as overfishing or hunting, leading to extinction. C - 1: Alien species invasions occur when non-native species are introduced into an ecosystem, where they disrupt local ecosystems and cause the extinction of native species. D - 4: Co-extinctions happen when a species becomes extinct, leading