In a common emitter transistor amplifier, the output voltage and input voltage have a phase difference of

Step-by-step solution

Common Emitter Amplifier Phase Shift In a common emitter configuration, the input signal is applied between base and emitter, with output taken across collector and emitter. Increasing base voltage raises base current I_B , which in turn increases collector current I_C according to I_C = I_B . The output voltage follows V_ CE = V_ CC - I_C R_C . As I_C rises, the voltage drop I_C R_C increases, causing V_ CE to decrease. This inverse relationship creates a phase shift of radians between input and output voltages. T