Which of the following animal phyla show closed blood vascular system apart from vertebrates?

Step-by-step solution

In a closed circulatory system, blood is confined to vessels and is distinct from the interstitial fluid. Annelids possess a closed circulatory system where blood circulates through a continuous network of vessels. Most molluscs have an open circulatory system, but higher molluscs, specifically cephalopods (such as squids and octopuses), have a closed circulatory system to support their active lifestyle. Arthropods and echinoderms have an open circulatory system. Thus, apart from vertebrates, annelids and higher mo