Movement and accumulation of ions across a membrane against their concentration gradient can be explained by:

Step-by-step solution

One of the main way of transport of solute or molecules in plant cells is called active transport. Active transport uses energy to transport and pump molecules against a concentration gradient. This is carried out by specific membrane-bound proteins or pumps. These protein pumps use energy (derived from ATP) to carry substances across the cell membrane. These pumps can transport substances from a low concentration to a high concentration (‘uphill’ transport).