The net pressure gradient that causes the fluid to filter out of the glomeruli into the capsule is

Step-by-step solution

Kidneys help in the formation of urine, from the blood flowing through glomerular capillaries. About 20 % of plasma fluid filters out into the Bowman's capsule through a thin glomerular-capsular membrane due to a net or effective filtration of about 10 to 15 mm Hg . So, the nearest option is (1).