Which of the following is effectively used to remove E. coli bacteria from water?

Step-by-step solution

Silver nanoparticles exhibit potent antimicrobial properties through several mechanisms that effectively eliminate E. coli . Silver ions Ag^+ disrupt bacterial cell membrane integrity, penetrate cells to interfere with metabolic pathways, inhibit enzyme activity, and damage DNA. Carbon black nanoparticles primarily function as adsorbents without significant intrinsic antimicrobial effects. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles TiO₂ require UV activation for photocatalytic generation of reactive oxygen species. Silicon nan