In Geiger-Marsden experiment, the number of scattered α -particles...

In the Geiger-Marsden ($\alpha$-particle scattering) experiment, the number of $\alpha$-particles scattered at an angle $\theta$ is given by the Rutherford scattering formula:

$N(\theta) \propto \dfrac{1}{\sin^4(\theta/2)}$

From this relation, we can observe the following:
1. For small values of $\theta$, $\sin(\theta/2)$ is very small, making $N(\theta)$ very large. Most $\alpha$-particles pass through with very little deflection.
2. As the scattering angle $\theta$ increases, $\sin(\theta/2)$ increases, causing the number of scattered particles $N(\theta)$ to decrease rapidly.
3. The minimum number of scattered particles occurs at $\theta = 180^\circ$, where $\sin(180^\circ/2) = \sin(90^\circ) = 1$.

The graph that correctly represents this rapid decrease from a very high value at small angles to a low value at large angles is shown in option (4).

Answer: