A student measures human body temperature by placing a thermometer under the armpit. This method always gives a temperature reading that is lower than the actual internal body temperature. According to the classification of errors in measurement, this specific type of error is an example of:

Step-by-step solution

According to NCERT, measuring temperature under the armpit will always give a reading lower than the actual body temperature. This is a consistent error occurring in one direction due to a flawed procedure, which falls under the category of systematic errors, specifically termed as 'imperfection in experimental technique or procedure'. It is not an instrumental error because the thermometer itself may be perfectly calibrated. It is not a personal error because it is not caused by individual carelessness or parallax