( array |c|l|c|l| & Column 1 & & Column 2 (A) & Mass defect & (P) & Minimum energy required to & & & separate nucleons from nucleus (B) & Binding energy & (Q) & Difference between sum of masses & & & of nucleons and mass of nucleus (C) & Alpha decay & (R) & Emission of a helium nucleus (D) & Half-life & (S) & Time for half of the radioactive & & & nuclei in a sample to disintegrate array )

Step-by-step solution

Here's the matching for the given nuclear physics concepts. Matching Columns - A) Mass defect: This is the difference between the total mass of the individual nucleons (protons and neutrons) and the actual mass of the nucleus they form. This missing mass is converted into energy to bind the nucleus together. - A matches with (Q). - B) Binding energy: This is the energy equivalent of the mass defect, calculated using Einstein's famous equation (E=m c^2 ). It represents the minimum energy required to separate all the